Internal alkynes have C-C bonds at each end. Alkyne substituents are called alkynyl groups.Ethyne (acetylene) is the simplest alkyne alkynes are sometimes called acetylenes.Alkenyl carbons are sp 2 hybridized, with a trigonal planar geometry.Īlkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond.Alkene substituents are called alkenyl groups vinyl is often used to refer to -CH=CH 2.Common examples are ethene, propene, and butene.They tend to provide the backbone of most organic molecules.Īlkenes are hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. With the exceptions of free-radical substitution and, of course, combustion, alkanes don’t undergo a huge number of different reactions. You can often think of alkyl groups as the “spectator” functional groups of organic chemistry, abbreviated as R.Alkyl carbons are sp 3 hybridized and have tetrahedral geometry about the carbon.The C-H bond is highly covalent and alkanes are very non-polar.Common examples of alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, and octane.Alkane substituents are called alkyl groups, which refers to alkanes lacking a C-H bond such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In hydrocarbons, the only types of intermolecular interactions are London dispersion forces and their boiling points tend to be quite low, relative to molecules containing more polar functional groups.Īlkanes are hydrocarbons containing no multiple bonds. The hydrocarbon functional groups are very non-polar and tend to be extremely weak acids. Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings That will help you understand their properties and help you think about how they behave in chemical reactions. Learning functional groups will be a matter of connecting those names to general structures.Īnother good way to get to know functional groups is to think about the relative electronegativities of the elements in each group. The good news is that you’ve already learned a lot of functional group names without trying too hard. In the beginning of the course, being presented with a list of 20-25 functional groups to remember might seem like a lot. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it’s at least a good start. Note that “ R” is a placeholder for a generic carbon substituent.Ī second group of slightly less commonly encountered functional groups are here. Here are some of the most commonly encountered functional groups. (Advanced) References and Further ReadingĪ functional group is what we call specific groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties.Miscellaneous: Epoxides, Thioethers, Nitro, Imine, Azide.Amides, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, Nitriles.Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Thiols, Alkyl Halides.Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings. You’ll meet others, too – this is just a selection of the most common. In a typical sophomore organic chemistry course, there are about 15 key functional groups, with another group of 10 or so that make consistent appearances.Common examples of functional groups are alcohols, alkenes, alkynes, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers, among others.Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule.
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